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dc.contributor.authorSalas, Henry J.
dc.date.accessioned2021
dc.date.available2021
dc.date.issued2000
dc.identifier.govdocOPS/CEPIS/PUB/00.57
dc.identifier.urihttps://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/55264
dc.description.abstract[Abstract] An overview of present sewage disposal practices in Latin America and the Caribbean is given. After reuse, the long submarine outfall alternative with pretreatment (milli-screens) or primary treatment is a more attractive disposal method relative to secondary treatment with near shore disposal in terms of reliability, efficiency, cost and low operational and maintenance requirements. However, sewage discharges near sensitive natural biological communities, such as coral reefs, should be avoided. Cost curves for submarine outfalls are presented. The availability of modern plastics and construction methods also make long submarine outfalls feasible for small communities and tourist centers. Technical details of the present 104 outfalls in Latin America and the Caribbean are presented. Their distribution is as follows: Argentina (1), Bermuda (1), Brasil (12), Chile (18), Colombia (2), Costa Rica (1), Ecuador (1), Martinique (1), Mexico (9), Peru (2), Puerto Rico (15), Uruguay (1) and Venezuela (39). A brief performance summary of the submarine outfall at Ipanema servicing part of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is also presented.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherPAHOen_US
dc.subjectWastewater Disposalen_US
dc.subjectEnvironmental Healthen_US
dc.subjectSubmarine Outfallen_US
dc.subjectCosts and Cost Analysisen_US
dc.subjectAmericasen_US
dc.subjectCaribbean Regionen_US
dc.titleSubmarine outfalls a viable alternative for sewage discharge of coastal cities in Latin America and the Caribbeanen_US
dc.typePublicationsen_US
dc.rights.holderPan American Health Organizationen_US
dc.contributor.corporatenamePan American Health Organizationen_US
paho.isfeatured0en_US
paho.publisher.countryPeruen_US
paho.publisher.cityLimaen_US
paho.source.centercodeUS1.1en_US
paho.contributor.departmentCentro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente (CEPIS)en_US
paho.iswhotranslationNoen_US


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