Chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology in Central America: a provisional epidemiologic case definition for surveillance and epidemiologic studies
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2016Metadata
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Over the last two decades, experts have reported a rising number of deaths caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) along the Pacific coast of Central America, from southern Mexico to Costa Rica. However, this specific disease is not associated with traditional causes of CKD, such as aging, diabetes, or hypertension. Rather, this disease is a chronic interstitial nephritis termed chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology (CKDnT). According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) mortality database, there are elevated rates of deaths related to kidney disease in many of these countries, with the highest rates being reported in El Salvador and Nicaragua. This condition has been identified in certain agricultural communities, predominantly among male farmworkers. Since CKD surveillance systems in Central America are under development or nonexistent, experts and governmental bodies have recommended creating standardized case definitions for surveillance purposes to monitor and characterize this epidemiological situation. A group of experts from Central American ministries of health, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and PAHO held a workshop in Guatemala to discuss CKDnT epidemiologic case definitions. In this paper, we propose that CKD in general be identified by the standard definition internationally accepted and that a suspect case of CKDnT be defined as a person age < 60 years with CKD, without type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, and other well-known causes of CKD. A probable case of CKDnT is defined as a suspect case with the same findings confirmed three or more months later. En los dos últimos decenios, los expertos han notificado un aumento del número de defunciones causadas por enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico de Centroamérica, desde el sur de México hasta Costa Rica. Sin embargo, esta enfermedad específica no está asociada con las causas tradicionales de ERC, como envejecimiento, diabetes o hipertensión. En cambio, esta enfermedad es una nefritis intersticial crónica denominada enfermedad renal crónica de causas no tradicionales (ERCnT). Según la base de datos de mortalidad de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), se registran tasas de mortalidad elevadas relacionadas con la enfermedad renal en muchos de estos países; las más elevadas se informaron en El Salvador y Nicaragua. Esta enfermedad ha sido identificada en algunas comunidades agrícolas, predominantemente en trabajadores agrícolas varones. Como los sistemas de vigilancia de la ERC en Centroamérica están en desarrollo o son inexistentes, los expertos y los organismos gubernamentales han recomendado elaborar definiciones de caso estandarizadas con fines de vigilancia, para monitorear y caracterizar esta situación epidemiológica. Un grupo de expertos de los ministerios de salud centroamericanos, los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades de los Estados Unidos (CDC) y la OPS se reunieron en un taller realizado en Guatemala para debatir posibles definiciones de caso epidemiológicas de ERCnT. En este artículo proponemos que, en general, la ERC se identifique mediante la definición normalizada internacionalmente aceptada y que un caso presunto de ERCnT se defina como: persona menor de 60 años con ERC, sin diabetes mellitus de tipo I, enfermedades hipertensivas ni otras causas conocidas de ERC; y un caso probable de ERCnT se defina como un caso presunto con los mismos resultados confirmados tres meses después o más.
Translated title
Enfermedad renal crónica de causas no tradicionales en Centroamérica: una definición de caso provisional para vigilancia y estudios epidemiológicos
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Lozier M, Turcios-Ruiz RM, Noonan G, Ordunez P. Chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology in Central America: a provisional epidemiologic case definition for surveillance and epidemiologic studies. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016;(40)5:294-300.
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