Dolor musculoesquelético en trabajadores de América Central: resultados de la I Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud
Date
2015ISSN
38(2), aug.2015
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Objetivo. Examinar la prevalencia de dolor musculoesquelético (DME) en los seis países de habla hispana de América Central con un instrumento único, la I Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud, en trabajadores de todos los sectores, manuales y no manuales, y con cobertura o no de la seguridad social como un indicador de formalidad o informalidad. Métodos. Trabajadores encuestados en sus domicilios (n = 12 024). Se calculó la prevalencia ajustada por edad en el último mes de DME en la espalda (alta o cervical, media o dorsal y baja o lumbar) o en las articulaciones de los miembros superiores (hombro, codo y muñeca). La prevalencia fue estimada por sexo, ocupación (manual o no), sector económico (agrícola, industrial y servicios) y cobertura de la seguridad social. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión Poisson para calcular las razones de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza de 95%, con estratificación por país y localización anatómica. Resultados. Por localizaciones, la prevalencia ajustada por edad de DME cervical-dorsal es la más elevada, en especial en El Salvador (47,8%) y Nicaragua (45,9%), y la de DME lumbar la menos frecuente, sobre todo en Panamá (12,8%) y Guatemala (14,8%). Tras ajustes adicionales, la prevalencia de DME fue mayor en mujeres y los trabajadores manuales en todas las localizaciones y países. No hubo diferencias de DME respecto a la cobertura de la seguridad social y el sector de actividad económica. Conclusiones. La elevada prevalencia de DME en América Central, independiente del sector de actividad y cobertura o no de la seguridad social, indica que la prevención de los DME debe constituir también una prioridad en salud laboral en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en especial en mujeres y trabajadores manuales. Objective. Examine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in the six Spanishspeaking countries of Central America using a single standardized instrument, the First Survey on Working Conditions and Health in Central America in workers from all manual and non-manual labor sectors, using social security coverage as an indicator of formal versus informal employment. Methods. The workers (n = 12 024) were surveyed in their homes. The age-adjusted prevalence of MSP during the previous month was calculated for pain in the back (upper, or cervical; middle, or thoracic; and lower, or lumbar) and arm joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist). Prevalence was estimated by sex, occupation (manual or non-manual), economic sector (agriculture, industry, or services), and social security coverage. Poisson regression models were used to calculate the prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals, with stratification by country and anatomical site. Results. By sites, the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical-dorsal MSP was the highest, especially in El Salvador (47.8%) and Nicaragua (45.9%), and lumbar MSP was less prevalent, especially in Panama (12.8%) and Guatemala (14.8%). After additional adjustments, the prevalence of MSP was higher in women and manual workers for all the sites and in all the countries. There were no differences in MSP in terms of social security coverage or sector of economic activity. Conclusions. The high prevalence of MSP in Central America, regardless of sector of activity or social security coverage, indicates that the prevention of MSP should be a priority in occupational health programs in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women and manual workers.
Translated title
Musculoskeletal pain in Central American workers: results of the First Survey on Working Conditions and Health in Central America
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